Technical Overview

1Keeper utilizes multi-party computing (MPC) technology to achieve high security and collaborative control. It divides the private key into multiple parts and stores them in a distributed manner, effectively addressing the single point of failure associated with externally owned accounts (EOA). MPC technology is an enhancement based on underlying cryptographic algorithms; it does not rely on the implementation of smart contracts and avoids the risks associated with vulnerabilities in both AA wallets and smart contracts themselves.

Comparison

Comparison of Wallet Types:

Feature	MPC Wallet	AA Wallet	EOA Wallet
Definition	A wallet that can fragment and manage private keys in a distributed manner	A wallet implemented through smart contracts	A self-managed wallet based on a single private key
Multi-Signature Support	Supported	Supported	Not Supported
Multi-Signature Policy Change	Supported	Not Supported	Not Supported
Permission Allocation	Supported	Not Supported	Not Supported
Chain Gas Fees	Medium	High	Medium
Multi-Chain Compatibility	High	Low	Medium
Security	High	Low	Medium
User Friendly	High	High	Medium
Representative Projects	1Keeper	-	-

Computation​

Supports the following signature algorithms:

Primitive	Supported Curves	Supported Threshold	Supported Blockchains
ECDSA	Secp256k1	2/2、2/3	EVM、Bitcoin、TRON、Filecoin、Dash、Dogecoin、and others
EdDSA	Ed25519	2/2、2/3	NEAR、Sui、Aptos、Solana、Ripple、 and others

Private Keys

• Generation：This protocol is applicable for generating wallet root key shards. Each party generates local private key shards through the Multi-Party Computation (MPC) protocol, ensuring that the original private key is never exposed during the entire process. It can be understood that the input for each party in the MPC protocol is a locally generated random number. Upon completion of the MPC protocol, the output consists of private key shards, with each party only able to obtain its respective private key shard. These private key shards can be used for distributed signing protocols and more.

• Derivation：Utilizing BIP44-based enhanced MPC derivation allows users to easily back up and restore their wallets. It supports multiple cryptocurrencies and accounts, thereby improving the wallet's flexibility and security.

• Refresh：Applicable for securely refreshing wallet private key shards. An old set of private key shards can be transformed into a new set through the private key shard refresh protocol. The protocol's input consists of each party's respective private key shards, while the output is the new private key shards.

Signature

This protocol is suitable for transaction signing scenarios. After executing the distributed private key signing protocol, each party generates a signature for the message, allowing all parties to obtain the signing result while ensuring the original private key is never exposed. It can be understood that the input for each party in the distributed private key signing protocol consists of the local private key shards and the message to be signed, while the output is the signing result.

Summary​

1Keeper significantly enhances the security and tamper-resistance of digital asset management by fragmenting private keys and conducting secure computations among multiple participants. This approach eliminates single points of failure and meets the complex needs of multi-party control.